An antihistamine is a pharmaceutical drug that inhibits the action of histamine by blocking it from attaching to the body’s histamine receptors. Histamine is an organic nitrogen compound involved in localized immune responses; histamine regulates physiological function in the stomach and acts as a neurotransmitter. 

Furthermore, histamine triggers the inflammatory response in the body and as part of the immune response to such foreign pathogens, the agent is produced by mast cells and basophils found in nearby connective tissues. Histamine thus increases the permeability of capillaries to white blood cells and various proteins to all them to engage pathogens in the infected tissues. 

When excessive histamines are released by the body, the sinus passage becomes overloaded and the individual will experience symptoms related to a common cold or allergies. As a result of this definition, an antihistamine is used to treat symptoms associated with the common cold or allergies, such as watery eyes, clogged sinuses and a runny nose. 

Allergies are caused by the body’s excessive type 1 hypersensitivity response to allergens, such as pollen or cat hair. An allergic reaction thus results in the excessive release of histamines and other mediators by the body. In addition to the relief of such symptoms, antihistamine drugs are also used to alleviate symptoms of local inflammation that result from various attacks or conditions, such as bee stings. 

Histamines produce increased vascular permeability, allowing fluid to escape from capillaries into the body’s tissues. This relationship ultimately leads to the classic symptoms associated with an allergic reaction or the common cold—watery eyes, clogged sinuses and a runny nose.

Antihistamines are effective at suppressing the swelling and flaring induced by the excessive presence of histamines in the system by blocking the binding process enacted by histamine to the body’s nerve receptors, glandular cells and mast cells. 

Antihistamines effectively instill a competitive anyagonism of histamine for the body’s H-1 receptors. As a result of this action, symptoms associated with an allergic reaction, such as itching and sneezing, are mitigated and suppressing by the blockade institute by the antihistamine.  

Salvia is a large genus of plants, encompassing a number of different species, which are grown for ornamental and culinary purposes. The majority of garden stores, throughout the country, carry several salvia species, from purely ornamental salvia plants to those that are used for cooking—known as sage. 

Regardless of the use or type of plant, all forms of savlia are characterized by upright flower stalks with clusters of vibrantly colored flowers. Furthermore the salvia plant has a square stem and slender green leaves. One cultivar of the plant, known as Salvia Divinorum or diviner’s sage, possesses psychoactive properties as a result of a diterpenoid compound found in the plant.

In addition to the psychoactive characteristics of the plant, this form of salvia is also quite attractive and often used for dried flower arrangements and ornamental borders. This species of salvia has a long history of traditional use among Native American tribes, especially in the southwest of the United States and Mexico.

Salvia Divinorum is a psychoactive plant which induces dissociative effects on its subject. When ingested or smoked (similar to marijuana) this form of salvia is regarded as a potent producer of visions and other hallucinatory experiences. 

Salvia’s native habitat is within the cloud forest region of the isolated Sierra Mazateca region of Oaxaca, Mexico. The plant is found in shady and moist locations and typically grows over a meter high. The plant has large leaves, hollow square stems and occasional white flowers. 

The drug is becoming more widely known and used in modern society; when smoked or ingested it produces a quick and intense high similar to marijuana but with more visions. The national Survery on Drug Use and health has recently estimated that nearly 2 million individuals in the United States have tried the drug.

When smoked or chewed, Salvia will produce a psychedelic experience; these immediate effects are somewhat subjective and will vary according to dose and experience with the drug. Aside from individual experiences, there have been a number of studies and clinical trials, as well as published works, which summarize the effects of Salvia.

From this research as well as individual testimony the following effects are immediately felt after smoking or ingesting salvia: uncontrollable laughter, sensations of motion, or the feeling of being pulled, visions of membranes, merging with or becoming various objects, the thought of overlapping realities, such as the perception of being in multiple locations at once and the presence of past memories, such as revisiting places from your childhood. 

Adderall is a form of medication used for attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder and narcolepsy. Adderall is a brand-name and legal prescription drug; it is a psychostimulant medication composed of racemic amphetamine aspartate monohydrate, racemic amphetamine sulfate, dextroamphetamine saccaride and dextroamphetamine sulfate, which are all classified as amphetamine salts. 

Adderall stimulates the user’s brain and increases the individual’s attention span as well as concentration by increasing the amount of dopamine and norepinephine in the brain. Furthermore, Adderall acts as a potent dopamine reuptake inhibitor and norepinephine reuptake inhibitor. 

Adderall is available in two distinct formulations: Instant Release Adderall and Extended Release Adderall. The immediate formulation is intended to be used by individuals who are diagnosed with or suffer from Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder—a common condition experienced by individuals which disables them from focusing on a subject—and narcolepsy. In contrast, the extended release Adderall formulation is approved for use only with Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder. 

Similar to other powerful stimulant drugs, such as meth and cocaine, Adderall will directly affect the mesolimbic reward pathway in an individual’s brain. As a result of this function, Adderall has a relatively high potential for addiction and abuse, particularly if the drug is abused or taken by individuals who are not classified with the aforementioned conditions. 

Adderall is primarily used to significantly reduce symptoms associated with attention deficit hyperactivity disorder. This condition disables an individual from concentrating and focusing on a particular subject, impedes a student from studying or an adult from completing daily tasks. 

Depending on the Adderall dosage, the beneficial effects of such stimulant medications can last several hours, which ultimately will allow the subject to experience improved performance throughout the course of a day. For those individuals who take and experience adverse side effects with Ritalin, Adderall is often recommended as an effective substitute. 

When ingested, the extended formulation of Adderall uses the Microtol extended-release delivery system, which incorporates two types of beads into the subject’s system. The first hoard of beads dissolves immediately, releasing half of the medication, while the second set dissolves at a slower rate, releasing the medication four hours later. 

The pill achieves maximum plasma concentration in roughly seven hours, compared to the instant-release Adderall, which reaches maximum plasma concentration within three hours. Because Adderall may increase blood pressure, the stimulant carries the same risk of sudden stroke, heart attack and death as other stimulants primarily used to treat ADHD. In addition to this adverse side effect, the consumption of Adderall will greatly diminish the subject’s appetite.