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Ketamine

Ketamine

What is Ketamine?
Ketamine is a popular drug used in human and veterinary medicine. The drug is a hydrochloride salt typically sold as Ketalar, Ketanest and Ketaset. In a pharmacological sense, ketamine is classified as a receptor antagonist. At potent doses, ketamine binds opioid receptors type 2 in neuroblastoma cells. Moreover, the drug interacts with muscarinic receptors and voltage-gated calcium channels. Similar to other drugs of this classification, such as phencyclidine and tiletamine, ketamine induces a state known as “dissociative anesthesia”—the side effect sparks recreational use. 
Ketamine yields a number of side effects in humans, including intense hallucinations, anesthesia, brochodilation and elevated blood pressure. Ketamine is primarily used—in conjunction with a sedative– for the maintenance of general anesthesia. Other uses of ketamine include analgesia, treatment of bronchospasm and sedation in intensive care. Furthermore, the drug has proven to be effective for the treatment of depression, particularly for patients who exhibit bipolar disorder or who have not responded to other anti-depressants. For individuals who have severe depression disorder, ketamine will produce rapid anti-depressant effects—ketamine triggers effects within 2 hours. 
Ketamine: Recreational Use
Illegal sale of ketamine comes from legitimate supplies or from theft. When used recreationally, Ketamine will produce severe psychological effects that are similar to PCP or DXM. Unlike these drugs, however, ketamine is very short acting—the hallucinatory effects last roughly one hour when injected or insufflated. Similar to other dissociative anesthetics, the hallucinations sparked by ketamine use are fundamentally different from those caused by phenethylamines and tryptamines.  With a low dose, ketamine-induced hallucinations will be only noticed when the user is in a dark room or has his/her eyes closed. At a medium to high dose, the effects are more conspicuous and intense. 
When used recreationally, ketamine will produce a dissociative state, characterized by an overwhelming feeling of detachment from one’s physical being and the external world. At a high dose, a user will experience what is referred to as the “K-hole”, a state of complete dissociation that closely mimics the phenomenology of schizophrenia. A user who experiences the “K-hole” will report extreme hallucinations, perceptions of free-falling, fast movements, the feeling of flight, feeling connected to the universe and thoughts with adjacent abusers. 
A recreational user of ketamine will feel as though their thoughts and perceptions are located so deep within that the real world seems distant or fake. The majority of users may not lucidly remembers such thoughts after regaining consciousness; users report that their experiences with ketamine mimic intense dreaming. 
Short term side effects of recreational Ketamine use include:

• Increased heart rate
• Slurred speech
• Out-of-body experiences
• Sedation
• Euphoria
• Double-vision
• Hypersalivation
• Hypertension and tachycardia
Long-Term Effects Associated with Ketamine Use:
Incessant use of Ketamine may lead to various cognitive impairments including memory loss. The first large-scale evaluation of ketamine users found that heavy abuse lead to impaired memory by several measures, including short-term, visual and verbal memory impairments. Occasional use (1-2 times per month) does not spark such side effects. 
Legal Status:
Ketamine may be only used legally by health professionals or for university research purposes. Ketamine is classified by the United States Government as a Schedule III substance. According to the United States Department of Justice and the Drug Enforcement Administration Schedule III substances have a potential for abuse less than substances listed in the previous two schedules. Schedule III substances may lead to moderate or low physical dependence or a high psychological dependence. 

What are Inhalants?

What are Inhalants?

Inhalants are breathable chemical vapors that recreational abusers intentionally inhale because of the chemical’s mind-altering effects. Inhalants are typically household products that contain toxins or volatile solvents, gases and/or aerosols. Street names for this practice include: whippets, snappers and poppers. 
Inhalants constitute a multifarious group of volatile toxins whose chemical vapors can be inhaled to yield mind-altering effects. Although other substances can be inhaled, the term “inhalant” is specifically used to denote substances that do not possess other means of administration. As stated above, an abuser will inhale a number of products to get high; however, the United States government has classified inhalants into the following categories:
Aerosols: These are types of inhalants that spray propellants and solvents. Common household aerosol inhalants include spray paints, fabric protector sprays, aerosol computer cleaning products, hair or deodorant sprays and vegetable oil sprays. Although these products serve a domesticated purpose, they can be abused for their psychoactive traits. 
Volatile Solvents: Forms of inhalants that are liquids, which vaporize at room temperature. Forms of volatile solvents include various household or industrial products, such as paint thinners or removers, dry-cleaning fluids, lighter fluid, gasoline and degreasers. Volatile solvents also include various art or office supplies, such as felt-tip markers, electronic contact cleaners, correction fluids (white out) and glue
Gases: These types of inhalants are found in commercial or household products and may be also used as medical anesthetics. Household or commercial products that fall under this classification of inhalants include propane tanks, butane lighters, whipped cream dispensers and refrigerant gases. Medical anesthetics that may be abused as an inhalant include chloroform, nitrous oxide and halothane.
These classification groups are utilized to organize the different forms of inhalants; however, all inhalants contain similar chemicals such as:
Methylene Chloride (found primarily in paint thinners and varnish removers)
Butane (found primarily in air fresheners and lighter fluids)
Nitrous Oxide (found primarily in gas cylinders and whipped cream dispensers)
Toluene(found primarily in rubber cement, gasoline and spray paints)
Hexane (found primarily in glues and gasoline)
Benzene (found primarily in gasoline)
Chlorinated Hydrocarbons (found primarily in correction fluids and dry-cleaning agents)

How are Inhalants Abused?
Inhalants are breathed through the mouth or nose in a variety of ways, including snorting or sniffing the fumes from its container, spraying the chemicals directly into the nose or mouth, or by placing an inhalant-soaked cloth in the mouth. A user may also inhale the chemicals from a plastic paper bag or balloon that contains the inhalants. The high produced from inhalants is transient—it lasts only a few minutes. Because of its ephemeral nature, an abuser will often attempt to extend the “high” by perpetually inhaling the chemicals.

Adverse Effects:
Inhalants produce similar side effects to those of alcohol, including a lack of coordination, euphoria, dizziness and slurred speech. Inhalant abusers will often hallucinate; with perpetual use, the individual will feel less inhibited. The chemicals found in the various types of inhalants may produce a number of additional effects, including vomiting, nausea and confusion. 
By displacing air in the user’s lungs, an inhalant will deprive the body of much-needed oxygen (hypoxia). This can damage cells throughout the body (particularly brain cells). As a result, habitual inhalant abuse can precipitate damage to the brain, liver, kidneys, bone marrow and central nervous system. 

Methylphenidate

Methylphenidate

More commonly known as Ritalin, Methylphenidate is a psychostimulant approved to combat attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder, narcolepsy and other syndromes, such as postural orthostatic tachycardia. Methylphenidate may also be prescribed—by licensed medical doctors—for the treatment of depression, lethargy, obesity and neural insult. 
Methylphenidate increases the levels of norepinephrine and dopamine in the human brain by inhibiting reuptake of the monoamine transporters.  Methylphenidate’s side effects are more similar to those of cocaine–though Methylphenidate’s duration is diminished and the intensity of such side effects are exponentially weaker when compared to cocaine. 
 
Medical Uses of Methylphenidate:
Methylphenidate is commonly prescribed to combat ADHD, narcolepsy and in some cases, depression. The psychostimulant works by increasing the activity of the central nervous system; Methylphenidate augments alertness, combats fatigue and improves the user’s attention. That being said, a cost/benefit analysis concerning the long-term effectiveness of Methylphenidate is relatively unknown. Methylphenidate is currently not approved for children under the age of six. 
Methylphenidate is approved by the United States Food and Drug Administration to combat the ill-effects of attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder. To secure a prescription for Methylphenidate a patient must be diagnosed with ADHD. The diagnosis must be confirmed and the risks associated with the use of stimulants should be thoroughly discussed before the user begins taking Methylphenidate. 

Adverse Effects Regarding Methylphenidate:
Adverse effects will typically emerge if the patient or individual is habitually using Methylphenidate. The most common side effects of Methylphenidate use include:
Insomnia
Drowsiness
Nervousness
Abdominal pains
Headaches
Nausea
Lethargy
Fluctuations in the user’s libido 
Dizziness
Fluctuations in the user’s blood pressure
Loss of appetite
Anxiety

Risks Associated with Methylphenidate: 
Although the long-term health risks (specifically the effect on the user’s brain) are unclear, constant use of Methylphenidate presents a high potential for abuse and addiction. The potential for abuse and addiction is tied into the drug’s pharmacological similarity to amphetamines and cocaine. Like other stimulants, Methylphenidate increases a user’s dopamine levels in the brain. The potential for abuse increases when Methylphenidate is crushed and snorted, or when it is injected. These forms of ingestion produce effects almost identical to cocaine. 
Cocaine-like effects will also be present if the user consumes large doses of Methylphenidate orally. The primary source for Methylphenidate abuse stems from a diversion of legitimate medical practice; when the drug is abused for recreational purposes the user becomes susceptible to the aforementioned adverse effects. 
Methylphenidate abuse is higher amongst college students and young adults. College students commonly use Methylphenidate as a study aid or to stay awake longer. When Methylphenidate is paired with alcohol additional negative effects on health will be realized. Methylphenidate’s pharmacological effect on a user’s central nervous system is almost identical to that of cocaine. 
Because of these risks—and because the drug is an amphetamine—the United States Food and Drug Administration classifies Methylphenidate as a Schedule II controlled substance; these drugs have an affirmed medical use, but also present risks when abused. 

What are SSRI Antidepressants?

What are SSRI Antidepressants?

SSRI (selective serotonin re-uptake inhibitors) Antidepressants are a class of compounds primarily used as antidepressants in the treatment of anxiety disorders, personality disorders and depression-related ailments. The efficacy of these drugs is widely disputed; the magnitude of benefit is contested when compared with placebo extermination. This new-found analysis discarded the majority of FDA-approved antidepressant research, including those that utilized placebo washout periods typically positioned as control groups. 
Although the effectiveness of the family is often disputed, SSRI Antidepressants are the most commonly prescribed antidepressant. SSRI Antidepressants ease symptoms of moderate to severe depression disorders. 
SSRI Antidepressants are thought to increase the extracellular level of the neurotransmitter serotonin through its ability to inhibit its reuptake into the presynaptic cell—a process that would effectively increase the level of serotonin in the synaptic cleft accessible to unite to the postsynaptic receptor. 

How Do SSRI Antidepressants Work?
SSRI Antidepressants work (theoretically) in the treatment of depression disorders by altering neurotransmitters (chemical messengers) used to communicate between brain cells. The majority of antidepressants are effective in changing the levels of these naturally-occurring brain chemicals. 
SSRI Antidepressants block the reuptake (reabsorption) of the neurotransmitter serotonin in the human brain. Altering the serotonin levels is thought to help brain cells with their ability to send and receive chemical message, which in turn bolsters the user’s mood. This classification of drugs is labeled “selective” because they will primarily alter serotonin levels and no other neurotransmitters. 

Forms of SSRI Antidepressants Approved by the FDA to Treat Depression:
SSRI Antidepressants that have been approved by the United States Food and Drug Administration to clinically treat depression include:
Escitalopram (better known as Lexapro)
Citalopram (better known as Celexa)
Fluoxetine (better known as Prozac)
Sertraline (better known as Zoloft)
The above SSRI Antidepressants—as well as other forms of the drug—are available in a controlled-release or extended-release method. These SSRI Antidepressants will either provide the medication throughout the day or for a week at a time with just one dose. 

Side Effects Associated with SSRI Antidepressants:
All SSRI Antidepressants work in uniformity, which of course, gives way to the presence of similar side effects. That being said, each SSRI Antidepressant is composed of a different chemical structure, so one may affect a patient a little differently from another. The common side effects of SSRI Antidepressants include the following:
Dry Mouth
Nausea
Headache
Diarrhea
Nervousness
Rash
Erectile dysfunction
Insomnia
Weight gain
Drowsiness

Viagra: What You Should Know

Viagra: What You Should Know

What is the Viagra?
 
 
Viagra, generically known as Sildenafil, is a pharmaceutical drug developed and manufactured by Pfizer Inc. used to treat erectile dysfunction and pulmonary arterial hypertension.  It works by inhibiting an enzyme that regulates blood flow to the penis.  The drug has been shown to decrease sexual dysfunction in not only men but also women.  In studies it has been shown that this works for individuals suffering from depression and diabetes.  In its use as a treatment for pulmonary arterial hypertension the drug relaxes the arterial wall and increases the function of the right ventricle as well as decreases incidences of right-sided heart failure.  Because the company did not want to have consumers confuse the uses of the drug it has been marketed as Viagra for erectile and other sexual dysfunction and Revatio for Pulmonary arterial hypertension.
 
 
Side effects
 
 
Side effects associated with Viagra include headache dyspepsia, nasal congestion and impaired vision.  Although rare, some serious side effects have been connected to Viagra.  These include priaprism, hypertension, myocardial infarction, ventricular arrhythmias, stroke, increased intraocular pressure, sudden hearing loss and optic neuropathy.
 
 
Government Regulation
 
 
The FDA has weighed in on Viagra a number of times.  In 2005 the FDA linked Viagra with nonarteritic anterior ischemic optic neuropathy.  In 2007 the FDA required a prominent warning of the potential risk of sudden hearing loss.  In March 2012 the patent on Viagra would have expired in the United States.  Recently Pfizer won a case over patent litigation that effectively allowed their drug to have patent protection until 2019.
 
 
Lawsuits
 
 
There have been a total of 38 cases involving blindness associated with the use of Viagra.  If you or someone you know has taken Viagra for erectile dysfunction or any other condition and you have any of the side effects associated with the drug, especially blindness or heart condition then it may be actionable.  seek advice from an injury lawyer.

Identifying and Treating Drug Abuse

Identifying and Treating Drug Abuse

What is Drug Abuse?

Drug Abuse is a medical classification implemented with regard to the classification of the rate of drug usage undertaken by an individual in conjunction with the nature of the substance habitually used by an individual – or individuals – suspected of drug abuse. 
This process of drug abuse determination undertaken by medical professionals and drug counselors utilizes a wide range of factors, analysis, and observation of habitual behaviors concerning both the usage, as well as the reliance on illegal drugs. Due to the fact that drug abuse is considered as rooted within the psychological profile of an individual, as well as their physiology, the classification of the risks, levels, and severity of drug abuse is rarely uniform:

The Identification of Drug Abuse

The National Institute on Drug Abuse (NIDA) has furnished 4 primary parameters that may be implemented with regard to the analysis of the degree – or determination of drug abuse undertaken by an individual; although these parameters are not uniform in nature, they allow for a catchall categorization allowing for introductory analysis of drug abuse:
Compromised priorities; individuals considered to be at risk for the development of a drug abuse problem are observed to allow their daily responsibilities and interest to fall to the wayside in lieu of searching for – or using illegal drugs or controlled substances
Recklessness; individuals considered to be at risk for the development of a drug abuse problem are observed to participate in dangerous, reckless, and generally risky behavior and activity upon the search for – or subsequent to the ingestion of illegal drugs or controlled substances; this may include the participation in unsafe sexual relations or operating a motor vehicle under the influence of drugs
Criminal Behavior; individuals considered to be at risk for the development of a drug abuse problem are observed to be subject to legal troubles, arrests, and punitive recourse concerning their use of illegal drugs or controlled substances – in many cases, individuals who have previously been without any legal trouble are commonly observed to develop criminal patterns of behavior in conjunction to drug use
Destruction of Networks; individuals considered to be at risk for the development of a drug abuse problem are observed to experience the bulk of their personal relationships – ranging from familial to romantic, to fall victim to their suspected drug abuse; in many cases, personal relationships will not only suffer, but also dissipate with regard to the life choices undertaken by the individual suspected of drug abuse
Drug Abuse: Getting Help and Treatment

The analysis of drug abuse statistics furnished by government reports illustrate that not only the use and abuse of both illegal drugs and controlled substances is a growing epidemic within the United States of America, but also the proliferation of the illegal trade, sale, and purchase of illegal drugs enables potential circumstances within which drug abuse may result:
Drug Abuse Rehabilitation
Drug Rehabilitation Treatment Centers are facilities providing resources, programs, treatment, and rehabilitation for individuals suffering from drug addiction and drug abuse; due to the varying degree of addictedness to which the vast expanse of both illegal drugs, as well as controlled substances are classified, drug rehab treatment centers offer a wide range of treatment programs suited to meet the needs of individual cases of drug abuse and addiction. 

Tricyclic Antidepressants

Tricyclic Antidepressants

What are Tricyclic Antidepressants?
Tricyclic Antidepressants are chemical compounds typically used to treat depression. Discovered in the early 1950s—and introduced later in the decade– Tricyclic Antidepressants are named for their chemical structure, which is comprised of four rings of atoms. 
Tricyclic Antidepressants are used primarily for their clinical treatment of mood disorders, such as bipolar disorder, major depressive disorder and treatment-resistant variants. Moreover, Tricyclic Antidepressants are used in the treatment of several medical disorders, including social anxiety disorder, obsessive-compulsive disorder, panic disorder, post-traumatic stress disorder, eating disorders (anorexia and bulimia), borderline personality disorder, attention deficit hyperactivity disorder and generalized anxiety disorder. Tricyclic Antidepressants may also be used to treat chronic pain, smoking cessation, migraines, tourettes, irritable bowel syndrome, narcolepsy, insomnia, chronic hiccups and schizophrenia. 

Tricyclic Antidepressants Side Effects:
Side effects associated with Tricyclic Antidepressants are related to the drug’s properties. These side effects are common and will include dry nose, dry mouth, blurred vision, constipation, urinary retention, memory impairment and increased bodily temperatures. Other side effects may include anxiety, apathy, drowsiness, restlessness, dizziness, hypersensitivity, and swings in appetite/weight, sexual dysfunction, weakness and irregular heart rhythms. Toxic effects of Tricyclic Antidepressants will include delirium, hallucinations and coma if the patient overdoses. 
The presence and tolerance of these side effects is dependent on how often Tricyclic Antidepressants are used in the particular patient’s treatment. The side effects will be lessened if treatment is initiated with a low dosage then gradually increased. 
Although the side effects are somewhat marginal, Tricyclic Antidepressants may produce a severe a discontinuation syndrome. It must be understood that a discontinuation syndrome is held separate from drug withdrawal—the pharmaceutical public and the medical profession differentiates between the two terms because a discontinuation syndrome does not produce severe side effects linked to addiction. The discontinuation symptoms associated with Tricyclic Antidepressants are managed through a gradual reduction in dosage over a period of days, weeks or months to mitigate the attached symptoms. With Tricyclic Antidepressants, discontinuation symptoms include insomnia, headache, nausea, motor disturbances and anxiety. 
Tricyclic Antidepressants overdose is a primary cause of fatal drug poisoning. An overdose concerning Tricyclic Antidepressants is typically fatal as the drugs are rapidly absorbed from the gastrointestinal tract of the small intestines. As a result, toxicity becomes apparent shortly after the patient overdoses. That being said, symptoms associated with Tricyclic Antidepressants overdose may take several hours to appear. 
According to the United States Government, the potential for abuse concerning Tricyclic Antidepressants is very low. Although several cases of misuse have been reported, there has been only a handful of cases involving the non-medical use of Tricyclic Antidepressants over the past 30 years. 

Triaminic Vapor Patch

Triaminic Vapor Patch

What is the Triaminic Vapor Patch?
The Triaminic Vapor patch is a cough suppressant developed and manufactured by Novartis.  The Vapor Patch is applied to the throat and chest and works by allowing vapors from the patch to enter the nose and throat.  The patch consists of camphor, eucalyptus oil and menthol and is available for children aged 2 years and older.  In 2006 Novartis volunatarily recalled the Vapor Patch after it was found that children could suffer serious side effects if the patch was removed and ingested.
Side effects
Used as prescribed the Triaminic Vapor Patch is relatively safe and the side effects include blisterin, scarring, bruising, headache, and depigmentation of the skin, hair, or eyes.  Serious side effects occur when the Vapor Patch is swallowed.   The active ingredients, camphor and eucalyptus oil can have severe effects if swallowed.  This includes burning feeling in the mouth, nausea, headaches, vomiting and seizure.
Recall
In 2006 after a report that a child suffered a seizure after swallowing a Triaminic Vapor Patch Novartis issued a voluntary recall of the product with the knowledge of the FDA.  

Buy Advair Diskus 250 50

Buy Advair Diskus 250 50

 
 
How to buy Advair Diskus 250 50 
 
 
The prescription medication Advair Diskus 250 50 is effective for short-term control of extreme asthma symptoms, as well as long-term management of respiratory problems associated with diseases such as bronchitis and emphysema. In either case, the cost of Advair 250 50 may be of concern to patients. Your doctor should be able to direct you to a trustworthy source from which to buy Advair Diskus 250 50.
 
 
There are several options that are available to minimize the cost of Advair 250 50. Before you begin finding a pharmacy to buy Advair Diskus 250 50 from, you should review the terms of your insurance coverage. If you are confused as to whether your policy covers part or all of the cost of Advair 250 50, ask your doctor's office to contact your insurance company to clarify this issue for you. People with comprehensive insurance coverage may not have to pay out-of-pocket to buy Advair Diskus 250 50.
 
 
When your doctor prescribes this medication, ask if they can provide you with any coupons to reduce the cost of Advair 250 50. The manufacturer currently offers a coupon that can be used to remove $10 from the purchase of a month's supply of the drug. However, it is important not to use this to buy Advair Diskus 250 50 until you have confirmed that it does not violate the terms of your insurance policy. Such offers to help reduce the cost of Advair 250 50 are always subject to change and availability.
 
 
Patients in areas without a pharmacy may have to buy Advair Diskus 250 50 from an online retailer. This will also be the case for patients who wish to reduce the cost of Advair 250 50. However, it is important to only buy Advair Diskus 250 50 from legitimate online pharmacies. This means that no matter how low the listed cost of Advair 250 50, you should not purchase it from any business which does not require a physician's prescription. These kinds of transactions are illegal.
 
 
The FDA recommends that patients do not buy Advair Diskus 250 50 from overseas pharmacies. Such businesses are not subject to American regulations. If what you pay in the cost of Advair 250 50 results in being sent the wrong medication, your chances to recoup the money will be very limited.
 
 
Maintain receipts documenting the purchase of all drugs for your financial records. Some of these expenses may be tax deductible. Make sure to follow a physician's instructions to ensure safe use. However, if a doctor fails to supervise your intake properly, leading to severe adverse effects, you may wish to consult a lawyer to see if you can sue for damages. In such cases, the cost of Advair 250 50 will be factored into the financial settlement sought by a lawyer. Consult with a lawyer as soon as possible to avoid the risk of attempting action after your state's statute of limitations concerning malpractice lawsuits has expired. 
 
 

Advair Diskus 500 50 Price

Advair Diskus 500 50 Price

A brief guide to Advair Diskus 500 50 prices

When an asthmatic patient is prescribed Advair Diskus, they may be concerned about how they will pay for this medication.

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When prescribing this medication, a physician may be able to offer a coupon that defers part of Advair Diskus 500 50 prices. The manufacturer currently does not offer this kind of discount for the Advair Diskus 500 50 price. If you are close to more than one pharmacy, you should obtain quotes for multiple Advair Diskus 500 50 prices. This will help you make an informed decision about where you can obtain the lowest possible Advair Diskus 500 50 prices.

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