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Pure Food and Drug Act

Pure Food and Drug Act

 
 
 
 
What is the Pure Food and Drug Act?
 
 
The Pure Food and Drug act of 1906 is a federal law that mandates for the inspection of meat products and forbids the sales, manufacturing or transportation of poisonous patent medicines and adulterated food products. The Pure Food and Drug Act was the first of more than 200 federal laws that constitute one of the world’s most inclusive and operative networks of consumer protections and public health concerns. 
 
 
The purpose of the Pure Food and Drug Act was to protect the American public from products identified as healthy without a scientific basis or support. The act also aimed to protect against the adulteration of food; the act was implemented to curb the spread of disease and food-induced illnesses. 
 
 
The Pure Food and Drug Act aimed to clean-up the American food and drug industry. At the turn of the 20th century, America’s food supply was enshrouded in unsafe and disgusting practices. Diseases were rampant as American slaughter and packing houses were not regulated nor checked for sanitation purposes. At this time there were now laws permitting the government to inspect these hubs and food processing plants. As a result, these filthy stations processed and packaged food, then shipped the product throughout the country. The end result 
 
 
What Sparked the Passing of the Pure Food and Drug Act?
 
 
The Pure Food and Drug Act aimed to clean-up the American food and drug industry. At the turn of the 20th century, America’s food supply was enshrouded in unsafe and disgusting practices. Diseases were rampant as American slaughter and packing houses were not regulated nor checked for sanitation purposes. At this time there were now laws permitting the government to inspect these hubs and food processing plants. As a result, these filthy stations processed and packaged food then shipped the product throughout the country. The result was the delivery of an unsanitary and potentially deadly food product. 
 
 
A heightened Public awareness during the early 20th century regarding the issues surrounding careless food preparation and the growing rate of drug addictions from patent medicines influenced government to create and subsequently pass the “Pure Food and Drug Act of 1906.” 
 
 
Although the public outcry was substantial, this fervency was sparked by federal employees. Individuals, such as Dr. Harvey Wiley (Chief Chemist for the Department of Agriculture) published findings on the widespread use of malignant preservatives used in food preparation and the meat-packing industry. These findings were accelerated by the “embalmed beef” disaster imposed on American Soldiers during the Spanish-American War—a violent outbreak that killed thousands of troops. 
 
 
The foundation of the Pure Food and Drug Act was promulgated by Theodore Roosevelt. The President began the process of implementing food and drug safety protocols by ensuring the passages of preceding legislation, including the Meat Inspection Act of 1906. These laws built the frameworks for the Pure Food and Drug Act.
 
 
What did the Pure Food and Drug Act of 1906 Enforce?
 
 
The Food and Drug Act of 1906 was applied to all food products shipped in foreign or interstate commerce. The purpose of the Food and Drug Act was to eliminate misbranding or adulteration from occurring.
 
 
The Federal Government defined alteration in the following ways: for confectionary products, adulteration occurred when the product yields any mephitic or poisonous colors, flavors or any ingredients that are regarded as harmful. Food products were considered adulterated if the good contained decomposed or filthy animal matter or byproduct. Food was also labeled as adulterated if the product contained deleterious ingredients, was poisonous or was comprised of inferior components. 
 
 
The Pure Food and Drug Act of 1906 contained the following provisions:
 
 
• The Pure Food and Drug Act of 1906 required all drugs to be shipped and stored on commercial shelves with clearly-readable warning labels. These warnings labels must notify the user of any habit-forming drugs within the product or any damaging side effects.
 
 
• The Pure Food and Drug Act of 1906 required that all prescriptions be supplied and affirmed only by licensed physicians. If the prescription was not given by a licensed physician the patient would be disallowed from purchasing the said drug.
 
 
• The Pure Food and Drug Act of 1906 prohibited the delivery of diseased or otherwise rotten food in interstate and foreign commerce. The Act also barred the use of spoiled vegetable and animal products. Food was not to be delivered with substituted ingredients that would irritate or add harmful ingredients. In terms of drugs, the Pure Food and Drug Act of 1906, enabled government to seized any drugs or offending bodies that violated the warning sign stipulations of the act. 
 
 
 
• The Pure Food and Drug Act created the Food and Drug Administration. Absolutely its most notable provision, the creation of the Food and Drug Administration established a government agency that was responsible for the testing of all foods and drugs used for human consumption. 
 
 
Facts about the Food and Drug Administration:
 
 
Currently operating within the United States Department of Health and Human Services, the Food and Drug Administration, is responsible for promoting and protecting public health through the supervision and regulation of food safety, tobacco products, prescription drugs, dietary supplements, vaccines, over-the-counter pharmaceutical drugs, cosmetics, medical devices, biopharmaceuticals, electromagnetic radiation emitting devices, vaccines and veterinary products. 
 
 
The Food and Drug Administration, in addition to regulating the aforementioned products, enforces various laws to promote the safe consumption of food and legal drugs. To accomplish its goal, the FDA, enforces Section 361 of the Public Health Service Act, which institutes a series of regulations and requirements concerning the sanitation of said products, particularly how they are shipped and stored. Through their enforcement capabilities, the Food and Drug Administration aims to control the spread of outbreak and food-related illness.
 
 
 
 

Volstead Act

Volstead Act

 
 
 
 
What is the Volstead Act?
 
 
The Volstead Act (formally known as the National Prohibition Act) was the piece of legislation that effectively enabled the Eighteenth Amendment which ultimately established prohibition in the United States. Introduced to Congress in 1919, the Volstead Act was deemed necessary to elucidate on the provisions of the Eighteenth Amendment. 
 
 
The Eighteenth Amendment, which stated that the manufacture, sale or transportation of intoxicating liquors within the United States and all territories subject to the nation is prohibited, was deemed brief and ambiguous in regards to its provisions. The primary question regarding the Amendment revolved around the definition of “intoxicating liquors”. This term, as well as many others, needed specific legal clarification as well as the attachment of penalties for its proper legislation and enforcement to occur. 
 
 
Thus, the required enabling of the Eighteenth Amendment was known as the Volstead Act—the legislation was named after Congressman Andrew Volstead who served as chair of the Senate Judiciary Committee. 
 
 
Although Volstead sponsored the legislation, the Volstead Act was written by Wayne Wheeler of the Anti-Saloon League. Wheeler conceived the Volstad act and drafted the bill to delineate intoxicating liquors and to transform an otherwise obscure piece of legislation to an all-encompassing national bill. 
 
 
The Volstead act was initially vetoed by President Woodrow Wilson on the grounds that the bill violated ethical and constitutional principles. This veto; however, was overridden by the United States Congress on the same day, October 28th of 1919. 
 
 
The Procedure of the Volstead Act:
 
 
As stated before, the Eighteenth Amendment created a basis for the ban alcohol in the United States, but failed to define what drinks were illegal and the attached penalties for producing, supplying or consuming them. When the Volstead Act was accepted by the House on October 28, 1919, it laid-out its three distinct goals:
 
 
• The Volstead Act 1920 aimed to prohibit intoxicating beverages 
 
 
• The Volstead Act 1920 wanted to ensure that an ample supply of alcohol would be present in the nation only to promote its use in research and in the development of dye, fuel and other lawful practices.
 
 
• The Volstead Act 1920 aimed to regulate the production, use and sale of all high-proof drinks and spirits used for alternative purposes.
 
 
The Volstead act 1920 provided that no individual shall manufacture, sell, transport, import or export any liquor except as authorized in the aforementioned provisions. However, the Volstead act did not distinctively prohibit the use of liquors. Furthermore, the Volstead Act defined “intoxicating liquors” to mean any beverage that contained more than 0.5% alcohol by volume. This limit effectively superseded any existing prohibition laws in states that implemented such legislation. 
 
 
The Volstead Act was over 25 pages in length—a considerable upgrade from the 111-word 18th Amendment. That being said, many of the provisions of the legislation were confusing; a number of courts implied different notions to the bill. The day before the Volstead Act was put into effect, various newspapers interpreted the primary provisions to read as such:
 
 
• An individual may drink intoxicating liquors in their place of home or in a friend’s home when you are regarded as a bona fide guest. 
 
 
• An individual may purchase intoxicating liquor if prescribed by a license medical doctor. If a prescription is secured, only a pint every 10 days can be purchased.
 
 
• Any place in which an individual lives in permanently can be concluded as one’s home. If the said individual has more than one home, they are allowed to keep a stock of liquor in each.
 
 
• An individual may keep liquor in a club locker or storage room, provided these areas are exclusive only to the said person
 
 
• If an individual wants to transport liquor, they are required to secure a permit 
 
 
• An individual may manufacture, sell or transport alcoholic beverages for sacramental or non-beverage purposes if the said individual obtains a government permit to do so
 
 
• The carrying of hip flasks are barred by the Volstead Act 1920
 
 
• An individual is barred from bringing liquor to hotels or restaurants and is not allowed to drink in public dining rooms
 
 
• An individual cannot buy or sell formulas nor recipes to produce homemade liquor
 
 
• An individual is barred from manufacturing anything above .5% (liquor’s strength) in one’s home
 
 
• Liquor signs and advertisements for liquor cannot be placed on one’s resident
 
 
• The removing of reserve stocks from storage is illegal
 
 
Enforcement of the Volstead Acts:
 
 
The effects of the Volstead Acts (prohibition) were utterly unexpected. The importation, production and distribution of alcohol were usurped by criminal organizations, which took part in violent gang wars to control the alcohol market. Gangsters, like Al Capone and Tom Dennison grew incredibly wealthy and were admired for their abilities to bring alcohol to the people. Enforcement of the Volstead Act was difficult because these criminal organizations became so powerful and loved that they effectively bribed police officers, judges and politicians. 
 
 
In addition to the cultural shift (the Roaring 20’s popularized cocktails and the cocktail party) and the glorification of mobsters, the Volstead Acts were difficult to enforce because of the numerous exceptions and exemptions found in the bill. For example, the Volstead Acts enabled doctors to prescribe whiskey to ailing patients, but limited the prescribed amount. Subsequently, various political leaders pressured Congress to remove this limit because they questioned the therapeutic value of capped treatments. 
 
 
The Volstead Acts also called for trials for any individual charged with an alcohol-related offense. These trials were largely viewed as a joke, as juries often failed to convict the accused. 
 
 
Ultimately, prohibition lost support as alcohol gained an increasing social acceptation. The provisions of the Volstead acts and the attempted enforcement of said laws spawned distaste for the law and a growth for organized crime units. By the early 1930s public opposition became so overwhelming that Congress sought to pass the Cullen-Harrison Act which legalized beer and wines with 3.2% alcohol—this raised the 0.5% limit instituted by the original Volstead Act 1920. 
 
 
Congress passed a proposed constitutional amendment to repeal Prohibition in December of 1933. The government and coordinating states ratified the Twenty-first Amendment (repealed the Eighteenth Amendment) and rendered the Volstead Act 1920 unconstitutional. This legislative maneuver shifted the control (in terms of regulation) of alcohol to the individual states. 
 
 
 

Pure Food and Drug Act Text

Pure Food and Drug Act Text

 

Labeling Requirements Imposed by the Pure Food and Drug Act:
 
 
The Pure Food and Drug Act of 1906 required that specific drugs (including cocaine, heroin, morphine, marijuana and alcohol) be labeled with the drug’s content and recommended dosage (if applicable). Previous to the passing of the Pure Food and Drug Act, legal medicines were sold as patent medicines and attached with misleading labels or secret ingredients. Today, the Food and Drug Administration regulates over $1trillion of products a year. The FDA ensures the safety of all food except some egg products, poultry and meats. 
 
 
CHAP. 3915-
 
An Act for preventing the manufacture, sale, or transportation of adulterated or misbranded or poisonous or deleterious foods, drugs, medicines, and liquors, and for regulating traffic therein, and for other purposes.
Be it enacted by the Senate and House of Representatives of the United States of America in Congress assembled, That it shall be unlawful for any person to manufacture within any Territory or the District of Columbia any article of food or drug which is adulterated or misbranded, within the meaning of this Act; and any person who shall violate any of the provisions of this section shall be guilty of a misdemeanor, and for each offense shall, upon conviction thereof, be fined not to exceed five hundred dollars, or shall be sentenced to one year’s imprisonment, for each subsequent offense and conviction thereof shall be fined not less than one thousand dollars or sentenced to one year’s imprisonment, or both such fine and imprisonment, in the discretion of the court.
 
 
SEC. 2
 
That the introduction into any State or Territory or the District of Columbia from any other State or Territory or the District of Columbia, from any other State or Territory or the District of Columbia, or form any foreign country, or shipment to any foreign country of any article of food or drugs which is adulterated or misbranded, within the meaning of this Act, is hereby prohibited; and any person who shall ship or deliver for shipment from any State or Territory or the District of Columbia to any other State or Territory or the District of Columbia, or to a foreign country, or who shall receive in any State or Territory or the District of Columbia, or foreign country, and having so received, shall deliver, in original unbroken packages, for pay or otherwise, or offer to deliver to any other person, any such article so adulterated or misbranded within the meaning of this Act, or any person who shall sell or offer for sale in the District of Columbia or the Territories of the United States any such adulterated or misbranded foods or drugs, or export or offer to export the same to any foreign country, shall be guilty of a misdemeanor, and for such offense be fined not exceeding two hundred dollars for the first offense, and upon conviction for each subsequent offense not exceeding three hundred dollars or be imprisoned not exceeding one year, or both, in the discretion of the court: Provided, That no article shall be deemed misbranded or adulterated within the provisions of this Act when intended for export to any foreign country and prepared or packed according to the specifications or directions of the foreign purchaser when no substance is used in the preparation or packing thereof in conflict with the laws of the foreign country to which said article is intended to be shipped; but if said article shall be in fact sold or offered for sale for domestic use or consumption, then this proviso shall not exempt said article from the operation of any of the other provisions of this Act.
 
 
SEC. 3
 
That the Secretary of the Treasury, the Secretary of Agriculture, and the Secretary of Commerce and Labor shall make uniform rules and regulations for carrying out the provisions of this Act, including the collection and examination of specimens of foods and drugs manufactured or offered for sale in the District of Columbia, or in any Territory of the United States, or which shall be offered for sale in unbroken packages in any State other than that in which they shall have been respectively manufactured or produced, or which shall be received from any foreign country, or intended for shipment to any foreign country, which may be submitted for examination by the chief health, food, or drug officer of any State, Territory, or the District of Columbia, or at any domestic or foreign port through which such product is offered for interstate commerce, or for export or import between the United States and any foreign port or country.
 
 
SEC. 4
 
That the examinations of specimens of foods and drugs shall be made in the Bureau of chemistry of the Department of Agriculture, or under the direction and supervision of such Bureau, for the purpose of determining from such examinations whether such articles are adulterated or misbranded within the meaning of this Act; and if it shall appear from any such examination that any of such specimens is adulterated or misbranded within the meaning of this act, the Secretary of Agriculture shall cause notice thereof to be given to the party from whom such sample was obtained. Any party so notified shall be given an opportunity to be heard, under such rules and regulations as may be prescribed as aforesaid, and if it appears that any of the provisions of this act have been violated by such party, then the Secretary of Agriculture shall at once certify the facts to the proper United States district attorney, with a copy of the results of the analysis or the examination of such article duly authenticated by the analyst or officer making such examination, under the oath of such officer. After judgment of the court, notice shall be given by publication in such manner as may be prescribed by the rules and regulations aforesaid.
 
 
SEC. 5
 
That it shall be the duty of each district attorney to whom the Secretary of Agriculture shall report any violation of this Act, or to whom any health or food or drug officer or agent of any State, Territory, or the District of Columbia shall present satisfactory evidence of any such violation, to cause appropriate proceedings to be commenced and prosecuted in the proper courts of the United States, without delay, for the enforcement of the penalties as in such case herein provided.
 
 
SEC.6
 
That the term “drug,” as used in this Act, shall include all medicines and preparations recognized in the United States Pharmacopoeia or National Formulary for internal or external use, and any substance or mixture of substances intended to be used for the cure, mitigation, or prevention of disease of either man or other animals. The term “food,” as used herein, shall include all articles used for food, drink, confectionery, or condiment by man or other animals, whether simple, mixed, or compound.
 
 
SEC. 7
 
That for the purposes of this Act an article shall be deemed to be adulterated:
 
In case of drugs:
 
First. If, when a drug is sold under or by a name recognized in the United States Pharmacopoeia or National formulary, it differs from the standard of strength, quality, or purity, as determined by the test laid down in the United States Pharmacopoeia or National Formulary official at the time of investigation: Provided, That no drug defined in the United States Pharmacopoeia or National Formulary shall be deemed to be adulterated under this provision if the standard of strength, quality, or purity be plainly stated upon the bottle, box, or other container thereof although the standard may differ from that determined by the test laid down in the United States Pharmacopoeia or National Formulary.
 
 
Second. If its strength or purity fall below the professed standard or quality under which it is sold.
 
 
In the case of confectionery:
 
If it contains terra alba, barites, talc, chrome yellow, or other mineral substance or poisonous color or flavor, or other ingredient deleterious or detrimental to health, or any vinous, malt or spirituous liquor or compound or narcotic drug.
 
In the case of food:
 
First. If any substance has been mixed and packed with it so as to reduce or lower or injuriously affect its quality or strength.
 
Second. If any substance has been substituted wholly or in part for the article.
 
Third. If any valuable constituent of the article has been wholly or in part abstracted.
 
Fourth. If it be mixed, colored powdered, coated, or stained in a manner whereby damage or inferiority is concealed.
 
Fifth. If it contain any added poisonous or other added deleterious ingredient which may render such article injurious to health: Provided, That when in the preparation of food products for shipment they are preserved by any external application applied in such manner that the preservative is necessarily removed mechanically, or by maceration in water, or otherwise, and directions for the removal of said preservative shall be printed on the covering or the package, the provisions of this act shall be construed as applying only when said products are ready for consumption.
 
Sixth. If it consists in whole or in part of a filthy, decomposed, or putrid animal or vegetable substance, or any portion of an animal unfit for food, whether manufactured or not, or if it is the product of a diseased animal, or one that has died otherwise than by slaughter.
 
 
SEC. 8
 
That the term “misbranded,” as used herein, shall apply to all drugs, or articles of food, or articles which enter into the composition of food, the package or label of which shall bear any statement, design, or device regarding such article, or the ingredients or substances contained therein which shall be false or misleading in any particular, and to any food or drug product which is falsely branded as the State, territory, or country in which it is manufactured or produced.
 
That for the purposes of this Act an article shall also be deemed to be misbranded:
 
In the case of Drugs:
 
First. If it be an imitation of or offered for sale under the name of another article.
 
Second. If the contents of the package as originally put up shall have been removed, in whole or in part, and other contents shall have been placed in such package, or if the package fail to bear a statement on the label of the quantity or proportion of any alcohol, morphine, opium, cocaine, heroin, alpha or beta eucaine, chloroform, cannabis indica, chloral hydrate, or acetanilide, or any derivative or preparation of any such substances contained therein.
 
Third. If in package form, and the contents are stated in terms of weight or measure, they are not plainly and correctly stated on the outside of the package.
 
Fourth. If the package containing it or its label shall bear any statement, design, or device regarding the ingredients or the substances contained therein, which statement, design, or device shall be false or misleading in any particular:
 
Provided, That an article of food which does not contain any added poisonous or deleterious ingredients shall not be deemed to be adulterated or misbranded in the following cases:
 
First. In the case of mixtures or compounds which may be now or from time to time hereafter known as articles of food, under their own distinctive names, and not an imitation of or offered for sale under the distinctive name of another article, if the name be accompanied on the same label or brand with a statement of the place where said article has been manufactured or produced.
 
Second. In the case of articles labeled, branded, or tagged so as to plainly indicate that they are compounds, imitations, or blends, and the word “compound,” ”imitation,” or “blend,” as the case may be is plainly stated on the package in which it is offered for sale: Provided, That the term blend as used herein shall be construed to mean a mixture of like substances, not excluding harmless coloring or flavoring ingredients used for the purpose of coloring and flavoring only: And provided further, That nothing in this Act shall be construed as requiring or compelling proprietors or manufacturers of proprietary foods which contain no unwholesome added ingredients to disclose their trade formulas, except in so far as the provisions of this Act may require to secure freedom from adulteration or misbranding.
 
 
SEC. 9
 
That no dealer shall be prosecuted under the provisions of this Act when he can establish a guaranty signed by the wholesaler, jobber, manufacturer, or other party residing in the united States, from whom he purchases such articles to the effect that the same is not adulterated or misbranded within the meaning of this Act, designating it.
 
Said guaranty, to afford protection, shall contain the name and address of the party or parties making the sale of such articles to such dealer, and such case said party or parties shall be amenable to the prosecutions, fines, and other penalties which would attach, in due course, to the dealer under the provisions of this Act.
 
 
SEC. 10
 
That any article of food, drug, or liquor that is adulterated or misbranded within the meaning of this Act, and is being transported from one State, Territory, District, or insular possession to another for sale, or, having been transported, remains unloaded, unsold, or in original unbroken packages, or if it be sold or offered for sale in the District of Columbia or the Territories, or insular possessions of the United States, or if it be imported from a foreign country for sale, or if it is intended for export to a foreign country shall be liable to be proceeded against in any district court of the United States within the district where the same is found, and seized for confiscation by a process of libel for condemnation. And if such article is condemned as being adulterated or misbranded, or of a poisonous or deleterious character, within the meaning of this Act, the same shall be disposed of by destruction or sale, as the said court may direct, and the proceeds thereof, if sold, less the legal costs and charges shall be paid into the Treasury of the United States, but such goods shall not be sold in any jurisdiction contrary to the provisions of this Act or the laws of that jurisdiction: Provided, however, That upon the payment of the costs of such libel proceedings and the execution and delivery of a good and sufficient bond to the effect that such articles shall not be sold or otherwise disposed of contrary to the provisions of this Act, or the laws of any State, Territory, District, or insular possession, the court may by order direct that such articles be delivered to the owner thereof. The proceedings of such libel cases shall conform, as near as may be, to the proceedings in admiralty, except that either party may demand trial by jury of any issue of fact joined in any such case, and all such proceedings shall be at the suit of and in the name of the United States.
 
 
SEC. 11
 
The Secretary of the Treasury shall deliver to the Secretary of Agriculture, upon his request from time to time, samples of foods and drugs which are being imported into the United States or offered for import, giving notice thereof to the owner or consignee, who may appear before the Secretary of Agriculture, and have the right to introduce testimony, and if it appear from the examination of such samples that any article of food or drug offered to be imported into the United States is adulterated or misbranded within the meaning of this Act, or is otherwise dangerous to the health of the people of the United States, or is of a kind forbidden entry into, or forbidden to be sold or restricted in sale in the country in which it is made or from which it is exported, or is otherwise falsely labeled in any respect, the said article shall be refused admission, and the Secretary of the Treasury shall refuse delivery to the consignee and shall cause the destruction of any goods refused delivery which shall not be exported by the consignee within three months from the date of notice of such refusal under such regulations as the Secretary of the Treasury may prescribe: Provided , That the Secretary of the Treasury may deliver to the consignee such goods pending examination and decision in the matter on execution of a penal bond for the amount of the full invoice value of such goods, together with the duty thereon, and on refusal to return such goods for any cause to the custody of the Secretary of the Treasury, when demanded, for the purpose of excluding them from the country, or for any other purpose, said consignee shall forfeit the full amount of the bond: And provided further , That all charges for storage, cartage, and labor on goods which are refused admission or delivery shall be paid by the owner or consignee, and in default of such payment shall constitute a lien against any future importation made by such owner or consignee.
 
 
SEC. 12
 
That the term "Territory" as used in this Act shall include the insular possessions of the United States. The word "person" as used in this Act shall be construed to import both the plural and the singular, as the case demands, and shall include corporations, companies, societies and associations. When construing and enforcing the provisions of this Act, the act, omission, or failure of any officer, agent, or other person acting for or employed by any corporation, company, society, or association, within the scope of his employment or office, shall in every case be also deemed to be the act, omission, or failure of such corporation, company, society, or association as well as that of the person.
 
 
SEC. 13
 
That this Act shall be in force and effect from and after the first day of January, nineteen hundred and seven. Approved, June 30, 1906
 
 
 
 

 

Volstead Act Text

Volstead Act Text

 

 

 

Volstead Act’s Original Text:
 
 
TITLE I.
 
TO PROVIDE FOR THE ENFORCEMENT OF WAR PROHIBITION.
 
 
The term "War Prohibition Act" used in this Act shall mean the provisions of any Act or Acts prohibiting the sale and manufacture of intoxicating liquors until the conclusion of the present war and thereafter until the termination of demobilization, the date of which shall be determined and proclaimed by the President of the United States. The words "beer, wine, or other intoxicating malt or vinous liquors" in the War Prohibition Act shall be hereafter construed to mean any such beverages which contain one-half of 1 per centum or more of alcohol by volume: . . .
 
 
SEC. 2. The Commissioner of Internal Revenue, his assistants, agents, and inspectors, shall investigate and report violations of the War Prohibition Act to the United States attorney for the district in which committed, who shall be charged with the duty of prosecuting, subject to the direction of the Attorney General, the offenders as in the case of other offenses against laws of the United States; and such Commissioner of Internal Revenue, his assistants, agents, and inspectors may swear out warrants before United States commissioners or other officers or courts authorized to issue the same for the apprehension of such offenders and may, subject to the control of the said United States attorney, conduct the prosecution at the committing trial for the purpose of having the offenders held for the action of a grand jury….
 
 
TITLE II.
 
PROHIBITION OF INTOXICATING BEVERAGES.
 
 
SEC. 3. No person shall on or after the date when the eighteenth amendment to the Constitution of the United States goes into effect, manufacture, sell, barter, transport import, export, deliver, furnish or possess my intoxicating liquor except as authorized in this Act, and all the provisions of this Act shall be liberally construed to the end that the use of intoxicating liquor as a beverage may be prevented. 
Liquor for non beverage purposes and wine or sacramental purposes may be manufactured, purchased, sold, bartered transported, imported, exported, delivered, furnished and possessed, but only as herein provided, and
he commissioner may, upon application, issue permits therefor: Provided, That nothing| in this Act shall prohibit the purchase and sale of warehouse receipts covering distilled spirits on deposit in Government bonded warehouses, and no special tax liability shall attach to the business of purchasing and selling such warehouse receipts….
 
 
SEC. 6. No one shall manufacture, sell, purchase, transport, or prescribe any liquor without first obtaining a permit from the commissioner so to do, except that a person may, without a permit, purchase and use liquor for medicinal purposes when prescribed by a physician as herein provided, and except that any person who in the opinion of the commissioner is conducting a bona fide hospital or sanitarium engaged in the treatment of persons suffering from alcoholism, may, under such rules, regulations, and conditions as the commissioner shall prescribe, purchase and use, in accordance with the methods in use in such institution liquor, to be administered to the patients of such institution under the direction of a duly qualified physician employed by such institution.
 
 
All permits to manufacture, prescribe, sell, or transport liquor, may be issued for one year, and shall expire on the 31st day of December next succeeding the issuance thereof: . . . Permits to purchase liquor shall specify the quantity and kind to be purchased and the purpose for which it is to
|be used. No permit shall be issued to any person who within one year prior to the application therefor or issuance thereof shall have violated the terms of any permit issued under this Title or any law of the United states or of any State regulating traffic in liquor. No permit shall be issued to anyone to sell liquor at retail, unless the sale is to be made through a pharmacist designated in the permit and duly licensed under the laws of his State to compound and dismedicine prescribed by a duly licensed physician. No one shall be given a permit describe liquor unless he is a physician licensed to practice medicine and actively engaged in the practice of such profession. . .
 
 
Nothing in this title shall be held to apply to the manufacture, sale, transportation, importation , possession, or distribution of wine for sacramental purposes, or like religious rites, except section 6 (save as the same requires a permit to purchase) and section 10 hereof, and the provisions of this Act prescribing penalties for the violation of either of said sections. No person to whom a permit may be issued to manufacture, transport, import, or sell wines for sacramental purposes or like religious rites shall sell, barter, exchange, or furnish any such to any person not a rabbi, minister of the gospel, priest, or an officer duly authorized for the purpose by any church or congregation, nor to any such except upon an application duly subscribed by him, which application, authenticated as regulations may prescribe, shall be filed and preserved by the seller. The head of any conference or diocese or other ecclesiastical jurisdiction may designate any rabbi, minister, or priest to supervise the manufacture of wine to be used for the purposes and rites in this section mentioned, and the person so designated may, in the discretion of the commissioner, be granted a permit to supervise such manufacture.
 
 
SEC. 7. No one but a physician holding a permit to prescribe liquor shall issue any prescription for liquor. And no physician shall prescribe liquor unless after careful physical examination of the person for whose use such prescription is sought, or if such examination is found impracticable, then upon the best information obtainable, he in good faith believes that the use of such liquor as a medicine by such person is necessary and will afford relief to him from some known ailment. Not more than a pint of spiritous liquor to be taken internally shad be prescribed for use by the same person within any period of ten days and no prescription shall he filled more than once. Any pharmacist filling a prescription shall at the time endorse upon it over his own signature the word "canceled," together with the date when the liquor was delivered, and then make the same a part of the record that he is required to keep as herein provided….
 
 
SEC. 18. It shall be unlawful to advertise, manufacture, sell, or possess for sale any utensil, contrivance, machine, preparation, compound, tablet, substance, formula direction, recipe advertised, designed, or intended for use in the unlawful manufacture of intoxicating liquor….
 
 
SEC. 21. Any room, house, building, boat,
vehicle, structure, or place where intoxicating liquor is manufactured, sold, kept, or bartered in violation of this title, and all intoxicating liquor and property kept and used in maintaining the same, is hereby declared to be a common nuisance, and any person who maintains such a common nuisance shall be guilty of a misdemeanor and upon conviction thereof shall be fined not more than $1,000 or be imprisoned for not more than one year, or both….
 
 
SEC. 25. It shall be unlawful to have or possess any liquor or property designed for the manufacture of liquor intended for use in violating this title or which has been so used, and no property rights shall exist in any such liquor or property…. No search warrant shall issue to search any private dwelling occupied as such unless it is being used for the unlawful sale of intoxicating liquor, or unless it is in part used for some business purposes such as a store, shop, saloon, restaurant, hotel, or boarding house….
 
 
SEC. 29. Any person who manufactures or sells liquor in violation of this title shall for a first offense be fined not more than $1,000, or imprisoned not exceeding six months, and for a second or subsequent offense shall be fined not less than $200 nor more than $2,000 and be imprisoned not less than one month nor more than five years.
 
Any person violating the provisions of any permit, or who makes any false record, report, or affidavit required by this title, or violates any of the provisions of this title, for which offense a special penalty is not prescribed, shall be fined for a first offense not more than $500; for a second offense not less than $100 nor more than $1,000, or be imprisoned not more than ninety days; for any subsequent offense he shall be fined not less than $500 and be imprisoned not less than three months nor more than two years….
 
 
SEC. S3. After February 1, 1920, the possession of liquors by any person not legally permitted under this title to possess liquor shall be prima facie evidence that such liquor is kept for the purpose of being sold, bartered, exchanged, given away, furnished, or otherwise disposed of in violation of the Provisions of this title…. But it shall not be unlawful to possess liquors in one's private dwelling while the same is occupied and used by him as his dwelling only and such liquor need not be reported, provided such liquors are for use only for the personal consumption of the owner thereof and his family residing in such dwelling and of his bona fide guests when entertained by him therein; and the burden of proof shall be upon the possessor in any action concerning She same to prove that such liquor was law.ully acquired, possessed, and used….
 
 

Allegra

Allegra

 
 
A brief guide to Allegra
 
 
People who suffer severely from hay fever may seek out medical assistance to obtain prescription medication to control these symptoms. If you ask a doctor "What is Allegra?," you will be seeking relief from a stuffy nose, watering eyes and similar conditions. Allegra reviews from consumers online are not a reliable source of information. When trying to determine what is Allegra and whether you should consider obtaining a prescription for it, you should begin your search with a doctor.
 
 
Allegra is prescribed in several forms and is now available in a form for children. However, strictly speaking the answer to the question "What is Allegra?" is that it is a prescription medication issued to patients age 12 or older. Allegra can be taken in the form of a 60 milligram (mg) tablet twice daily or in a slow-release 180 mg tablet taken once a day. 
 
 
Allegra reviews are no substitute for a physician's instructions, which should be followed exactly. Before prescribing Allegra, a doctor will ask you about any medications which you are currently taking. A doctor may recommend the use of nutritional supplements as part of their answer to the question "What is Allegra?" Do not use Allegra reviews to answer any questions about additional medications you are thinking of taking.
 
 
Allegra should be taken at roughly the same time every day. Regardless of what is suggested by Allegra reviews, it is best taken with water. Anecdotal evidence is no substitute for the information provided by a doctor in response to the question "What is Allegra?" You should ask as many follow-up questions as necessary to establish safe guidelines for taking Allegra.
 
 
Allegra reviews may indicate multiple side effects that users have experienced. However, everyone's experience in taking Allegra will be different and cannot be entirely predicted. When responding to the question "What is Allegra?," a physician should outline all of the potential side affects you should be aware of. Some responses to Allegra, such as headaches or dizziness, are common to many prescription medications. Report these to a physician rather than reading Allegra reviews on what to do.
 
 
You should be alert to any rashes or skin problems which develop when taking Allegra. When outlining what is Allegra, a doctor should also instruct you to immediately inform them of other uncommon side effects, such as trouble breathing. These may indicate that use of the drug must be discontinued immediately. Do not turn to Allegra reviews in order to decide what steps to take.
 
 
A physician who fails to provide adequate guidelines for use when answering the question "What is Allegra?" may be guilty of malpractice. If you experience serious side effects and wish to sue for negligence, do not consult Allegra reviews to see if other patients have successfully pursued litigation. Instead, you should consult with a lawyer specializing in malpractice cases who can help you evaluate whether it will be possible for you to obtain financial compensation through the civil court system.
 
 

Withdrawal from Ambien

Withdrawal from Ambien

 
 
Withdrawal from Ambien: Is Ambien Addiction Possible?
 
 
Ambien, which goes by the generic name Zolpidem, is used to treat insomnia. Patients who have difficulty sleeping (troubles falling or staying asleep) may be prescribed Ambien. Ambien belongs to a class of drugs called sedative-hypnotics; it is effective by slowing activity in the brain to promote sleep. 
 
 
Zolpidem comes in tablet form as Ambien and as an extended release tablet (longer-acting) referred to as Ambien CR. Both pills are taken orally. 
 
 
Ambien should only be used as a short-term treatment method; the pill should not be administered to patients for more than two weeks. 
 
 
Ambien is a central nervous system depressant prescribed for the relief of insomnia. The drug is only approved by the United States Federal Drug Administration for short-term treatment of insomnia. Long term Ambien use will not correct the underlying problems causing insomnia, nor is the drug meant to cure chronic insomnia. Moreover, Ambien does not treat psychological or psychiatric issues. These medical problems should be addressed by psychiatrists or therapists. If Ambien is used to treat psychological problems or applied to treat chronic insomnia, the threat of a withdrawal from Ambien or an Ambien addiction is very real. 
 
 
What are the Symptoms of Ambien Addiction?
 
 
In many cases, the potential side effects of Ambien addiction are extremely dangerous. The most common symptoms of an Ambien addiction include the following:
 
 
• Mood swings are common with Ambien addictions
 
 
• An Ambien addiction will yield painful withdrawal symptoms upon discontinuation 
 
 
• Amnesia, impaired judgment, difficulty concentrating, hallucinations and parasomnias are common symptoms associated with Ambien addiction
 
 
• Inability to focus or concentrate is also a common side effect associated with Ambien addiction
 
 
When used in tandem with alcohol, opioids or other sedatives, Ambien use can be deadly—when mixed with other drugs or alcohol, tremendous strain is placed on the cardiorespiratory system. 
 
 
The best course of treatment for Ambien addiction begins with a medical drug detox. During detox, traces of the drug are removed from the body. As a central nervous system depressant, Ambien’s impact on the brain and other bodily functions can lead to serious Ambien withdrawal. The United States National Institute of Drug Addiction recommends that detox for Ambien addictions be medically supervised and diminishment of application be conducted in a controlled environment. 
 
 
When a medically monitored detox for Ambien is completed, the user should transition to an Ambien addiction treatment program. In rehab, the user will understand addiction, address issues concerning Withdrawal from Ambien and learn relapse prevention techniques.
 
 
Withdrawal form Ambien:
 
 
Withdrawal from Ambien yields a bevy of dangerous side effects including delusions, vomiting and severe depression. To avoid a withdrawal from Ambien it is strongly advised that the drug be administered in the lowest possible dosage. 
 
 
Withdrawal from Ambien is a concern throughout the world. There are a number of warnings of Withdrawal from Ambien, including: sudden sweats, nausea, irritability, panic attacks, cramps and excess fatigue. It must be noted; however, that symptoms of Withdrawal from Ambien are temporary. 
 
 

What are Barbiturates?

What are Barbiturates?

Barbiturates are drugs (derivatives of barbituric acid) that depress a human’s central nervous system; this function yields a wide range of effects, from marginal sedation to total anesthesia. Barbiturates are also effective as anticonvulsants, hypnotics and anxiolytics. Furthermore, the drugs possess analgesic effects; however, this influence is weak, which prevents barbiturates from being used in surgery when other analgesics are not present. 
Although Barbiturates offer a number of medical applications, they have a high potential for addiction and abuse. Because of this potential for abuse (both psychological and physical addiction is possible); Barbiturates are now commonly substituted for benzodiazepines for routine medical procedures. That being said, Barbiturates are still commonly used for general anesthesia purposes, for epilepsy and in severe cases, for assisted suicide. 


Barbiturates: Recreational Use
Similar to ethanol, Barbiturates are intoxicating agents that produce augmented effects during intoxication. The symptoms of Barbiturates intoxication (recreational use) include lowered blood pressure, respiratory depression, fever, unusual bouts of excitement, mood swings, irritability, poor concentration, fatigue, sedation, impaired coordination, addiction, impaired judgment and severe respiratory arrest, which could ultimately lead to death. 
A recreational user will state that a high from Barbiturates will give them feelings of euphoria and relaxed contentment. In addition to the aforementioned adverse effects of Barbiturate abuse, a user may become physically or psychologically dependent on the drug—such a dependency will yield repeated use. Other effects of recreational barbiturate use will include the following: slurred speech, decreased anxiety, loss of inhibitions and drowsiness. 
Recreational users will prefer the short-acting Barbiturates; the most commonly abused Barbiturates are Amytal, Seconal and Nembutal. These short-acting Barbiturates are typically prescribed as sleeping pills or sedatives. These drugs begin acting within 30 minutes of ingestion (the pills are swallowed) and their effects may last up to six hours. 
Symptoms associated with Barbiturate overdose include incoordination, difficulty thinking, slowness of speech, poor judgment, drowsiness, staggering, sluggishness and in more severe cases coma or even death. The lethal dosage of Barbiturates will vary greatly depending on the user’s tolerance. In general, 1 g of Barbiturates can be highly toxic and dosages between 2 to 10 grams can be fatal. 

Legal Status of Barbiturates:
Through the passing of the American Controlled Substances Act of 1970, several Barbiturates were designated as a controlled substance. Pentobarbital, amobarbital and secobarbital are classified as Schedule II drugs, while butabarbital is labeled as a Schedule III drug and barbital and phenobarbital is classified as a schedule IV drug. 

Advair Diskus vs Advair HFA

Advair Diskus vs Advair HFA


Advair Diskus vs Advair HFA

The prescription medication Advair is issued in either dry-powder or aerosol-inhalant form. The difference in delivery method is the primary distinction when evaluating Advair Diskus vs. Advair HFA. The former is a dry-powder medication that is inhaled in the form of a "blister." When considering Advair Diskus vs Advair HFA, a physician will choose the latter if your breathing difficulties are so severe that you are unable to inhale the drugs in dry pellet form.

Both forms utilize the same mechanisms and carry similar risks. When weighing Advair Diskus vs Advair HFA, a physician must inform you of the potential consequences that apply to both applications. In considering Advair Diskus vs Advair HFA, the same adverse reactions can form, including skin rashes and cardiac difficulties. Regardless of your prescription, it is vital that you report any skin problems, irregular heartbeats or other symptoms that arise to your medical proessional.

When considering Advair Diskus vs Advair HFA, a physician must ensure that you are not allergic to milk. If so, both forms of this medication are not suitable. Similarly, when weighing whether to prescribe Advair Diskus vs Advair HFA, a physician will ask for your medical history, particularly a recap of your liver, kidneys lungs and information concerning diabetes.

One of the primary differences between Advair Diskus vs Advair HFA concerns the degree of attention required during administration. The former comes in blister form, meaning each pellet forms a complete dose. In contrast, the latter requires you to carefully monitor the counter on your inhaler—you should receive a refill when the counter reads "020." If deciding on the latter, a doctor will explain that your regular emergency inhaler is not a suitable dispensing form of this medication. A special inhaler with an expiration date will be issued along with Advair.

Whichever form of the drug you are issued, it is vital that you do not exceed your daily recommended dose. Also, taking the drug to mitigate a sudden attack of asthma will not alleviate your symptoms. When considering Advair Diskus vs. Advair HFA, keep in mind that neither form is an appropriate substitute for an emergency inhaler.

With proper monitoring by your doctor, you should be confident that either form will prove efficient without imposing significant side effects. However, if serious side effects arise, you may have grounds for litigation. Only a doctor may properly evaluate whether a doctor was negligent in supervising your use of the drug or whether the manufacturer failed to provide adequate warning concerning potential side effects. Whether using Advair Diskus vs. Advair HFA, you should check and see whether you can recover damages and expenses through civil court.

 

Advair Diskus Price

Advair Diskus Price


A brief guide to Advair Diskus prices

The prescription medication Advair Diskus is issued to patients with asthma or chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD). If you are worried that the Advair Diskus price is beyond your means, there are several options that can be considered to mitigate your expenses.

The most important factor concerning Advair Diskus prices is health insurance coverage. You should review the terms of your policy—if applicable–to see if the costs of Advair diskus is covered by your insurance, if any. If prescribed the drug for asthma, extended indefinite treatment is unsafe and unlikely to be prescribed. Therefore, you can roughly calculate how much the Advair Diskus price will cost by the end of your course of treatment.

Advair’s manufacturer, GlaxoSmithKline, currently has several offers for first-time users. You may be able to reduce Advair Diskus prices by procuring a free 30 day supply on a trial basis. Those who are covered by Medicare or Medicaid are not eligible for this offer. Other restrictions are listed that may affect your ability to take advantage of this waiver of the Advair Diskus price. The manufacturer also currently offers a $10 coupon for each dose of the drug. All offers related to Advair Diskus prices are subject to change.

You may wish to visit more than one pharmacy to find out what the cost difference is. If a particular Advair Diskus is beyond your means, you may wish to find an online pharmacy retailer. However, it is important that you take steps to ensure that you are not taken advantage of. Retailers quoting low Advair Diskus prices must require a prescription to issue the drug. An online pharmacy which does not do so is acting illegally and cannot be trusted to provide safe medication.

Do not purchase the medication from any online pharmacies which are not based in the United States no matter how low their listed Advair Diskus price. Such companies are not subject to American regulation and cannot be prosecuted by the government if you are cheated.

Regardless of what you pay in Advair Diskus prices, you should have a reasonable expectation that the drug will be safe and not result in serious medical problems. Serious side effects including allergic skin reactions and cardiac problems can result. These are not tied to the Advair Diskus price. When such problems ensue, consult a physician immediately. Discontinuation of the drug may be indicated.

If you pay the Advair Diskus price and begin a course of treatment which seriously damages your health, consider litigation. Gather receipts documenting Advair Diskus prices, which will be part of the compensation sought by a lawyer. You should also assemble all physician reports related to your treatment. In addition to recovering the total cost paid relating to the Advair Diskus price, a lawyer can sue for damages and additional medical expenses.

 

Advair Diskus Instructions

Advair Diskus Instructions


A brief guide to Advair Diskus instructions

Prescribed to patients with asthma or chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD), the use of Advair Diskus is attached with many risks. To prevent adverse reactions from forming, it is vital to follow a physician's Advair Diskus instruction and guidelines. Advair should only be issued to patients who are already on a long-term asthma medication—the drug works in tandem with other medications that may not be wholly efficient in controlling asthma conditions.

Advair Diskus should not be prescribed to individuals with milk allergies. Additionally, prescriptions for diabetics or epileptics should be carefully monitored.

Advair is intended for short-term use. Advair Diskus instructions state that use of the drug should be diminished and discontinued once symptoms are controlled. Long-term usage increases the risk of asthma-related problems, up to and including fatalities.

Advair Diskus instruction sets the initial dosage for children and adults at 100 micrograms taken twice daily. In case of a serious asthma attack, do not take an extra dose. Advair Diskus instruction regarding intake recommends that patients allow twelve hours to pass between doses. Once inhaled, the patient should rinse their mouth with water without swallowing.

Once patients have begun taking the drug, they must follow their physician's Advair Diskus instructions and be attentive to any side effects. Rashes and hives indicate that patients are experiencing an allergic reaction. These symptoms indicate that even when obeying Advair Diskus instruction regarding use, your body is not suited to this form of medication. Additionally, report blurry vision or accelerated uneven heartbeats to your doctor immediately.

Advair Diskus instructions note that the drug's use weakens the immune system, raising the risk of pneumonia and other diseases. Additionally, children who take the drug may have their growth impeded.

You must follow all Advair Diskus instructions carefully. Do not overuse the drug in an attempt to relieve your symptoms. If you disobey the Advair Diskus instruction and guidance of a physician, you will have no legal recourse if serious side effects result.

Patients who are seriously harmed by use of the drug despite obeying a physician's guidelines may wish to consider litigation. Legal professionals well-versed in the field of personal injury law, are best suited to prove negligence or false reporting of potential side effects. A physician should maintain documentation of their Advair Diskus instructions as part of their records in case a lawyer requires access.

Follow the Advair Diskus instructions provided by your doctor before following any other advice on intake, dosage and frequency.  The Advair Diskus instructions provided by the medical care provider or pharmacy are important because they are tailored to your specific needs.  It is your obligation to clearly follow the Advair Diskus instructions provided to you.

Is Advair right for me?

Only your doctor can answer this question.  Many patients, especially those allergic to milk proteins, will not be able to use Advair.  To see if the medication is a suitable match for your needs, you must consult with a medical professional.   

 

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